Use Lateral Join for column-to-row conversion

Column-to-row conversion is a common operation in ETL processing. Lateral is a special Join keyword that can associate a row with an internal subquery or table function. By using Lateral in conjunction with unnest(), you can expand one row into multiple rows. For more information, see unnest.

Limits

• Currently, Lateral Join is only used with unnest() to achieve column-to-row conversion. Other table functions and UDTFs will be supported later.
• Currently, Lateral Join does not support subqueries.

Use Lateral Join

Syntax:

from table_reference join [lateral] table_reference;

Examples:

SELECT student, score
FROM tests
CROSS JOIN LATERAL UNNEST(scores) AS t (score);

SELECT student, score
FROM tests, UNNEST(scores) AS t (score);

The second syntax here is a shortened version of the first one, where the Lateral keyword can be omitted using the UNNEST keyword. The UNNEST keyword is a table function that converts an array into multiple rows. Together with Lateral Join, it can implement common row expansion logic.

NOTE

If you want to perform unnest on multiple columns, you must specify an alias for each column, for example, select v1, t1.unnest as v2, t2.unnest as v3 from lateral_test, unnest(v2) t1, unnest(v3) t2;.

The current version of StarRocks supports type conversion between Bitmap, String, Array, and Column.

Usage examples

Together with unnest(), you can achieve the following column-to-row conversion features:

Expand a string into multiple rows

1. Create a table and insert data into this table.

   CREATE TABLE lateral_test2 (
       `v1` bigint(20) NULL COMMENT "",
       `v2` string NULL COMMENT ""
   )
   DUPLICATE KEY(v1)
   DISTRIBUTED BY HASH(`v1`) BUCKETS 1
   PROPERTIES (
       "replication_num" = "3",
       "storage_format" = "DEFAULT"
   );
   
   INSERT INTO lateral_test2 VALUES (1, "1,2,3"), (2, "1,3");

2. Query data before expansion.

   select * from lateral_test2;
   
   +------+-------+
   | v1   | v2    |
   +------+-------+
   |    1 | 1,2,3 |
   |    2 | 1,3   |
   +------+-------+

3. Expand v2 into multiple rows.

   -- Perform unnest on a single column.
   
   select v1,unnest from lateral_test2, unnest(split(v2, ","));
   
   +------+--------+
   | v1   | unnest |
   +------+--------+
   |    1 | 1      |
   |    1 | 2      |
   |    1 | 3      |
   |    2 | 1      |
   |    2 | 3      |
   +------+--------+
   
   -- Perform unnest on multiple columns. You must specify an alias for each operation.
   
   select v1, t1.unnest as v2, t2.unnest as v3 from lateral_test2, unnest(split(v2, ",")) t1, unnest(split(v3, ",")) t2;
   
   +------+------+------+
   | v1   | v2   | v3   |
   +------+------+------+
   |    1 | 1    | 1    |
   |    1 | 1    | 2    |
   |    1 | 2    | 1    |
   |    1 | 2    | 2    |
   |    1 | 3    | 1    |
   |    1 | 3    | 2    |
   |    2 | 1    | 1    |
   |    2 | 1    | 3    |
   |    2 | 3    | 1    |
   |    2 | 3    | 3    |
   +------+------+------+

Expand an array into multiple rows

From v2.5, unnest() can take multiple arrays of different types and lengths. For more information, see unnest().

1. Create a table and insert data into this table.

   CREATE TABLE lateral_test (
       `v1` bigint(20) NULL COMMENT "",
       `v2` ARRAY NULL COMMENT ""
   ) 
   DUPLICATE KEY(v1)
   DISTRIBUTED BY HASH(`v1`) BUCKETS 1
   PROPERTIES (
       "replication_num" = "3",
       "storage_format" = "DEFAULT"
   );
   
   INSERT INTO lateral_test VALUES (1, [1,2]), (2, [1, null, 3]), (3, null);

2. Query data before expansion.

   select * from lateral_test;
   
   +------+------------+
   | v1   | v2         |
   +------+------------+
   |    1 | [1,2]      |
   |    2 | [1,null,3] |
   |    3 | NULL       |
   +------+------------+

3. Expand v2 into multiple rows.

   select v1,v2,unnest from lateral_test , unnest(v2) ;
   
   +------+------------+--------+
   | v1   | v2         | unnest |
   +------+------------+--------+
   |    1 | [1,2]      |      1 |
   |    1 | [1,2]      |      2 |
   |    2 | [1,null,3] |      1 |
   |    2 | [1,null,3] |   NULL |
   |    2 | [1,null,3] |      3 |
   +------+------------+--------+

Expand Bitmap data

1. Create a table and insert data into this table.

   CREATE TABLE lateral_test3 (
   `v1` bigint(20) NULL COMMENT "",
   `v2` Bitmap BITMAP_UNION COMMENT ""
   )
   AGGREGATE KEY(v1)
   DISTRIBUTED BY HASH(`v1`) BUCKETS 1;
   
   INSERT INTO lateral_test3 VALUES (1, bitmap_from_string('1, 2')), (2, to_bitmap(3));

2. Query data before expansion.

   select v1, bitmap_to_string(v2) from lateral_test3;
   
   +------+------------------------+
   | v1   | bitmap_to_string(`v2`) |
   +------+------------------------+
   |    1 | 1,2                    |
   |    2 | 3                      |
   +------+------------------------+
   

3. Insert a new row.

   insert into lateral_test3 values (1, to_bitmap(3));
   
   select v1, bitmap_to_string(v2) from lateral_test3;
   
   +------+------------------------+
   | v1   | bitmap_to_string(`v2`) |
   +------+------------------------+
   |    1 | 1,2,3                  |
   |    2 | 3                      |
   +------+------------------------+

4. Expand data in v2 into multiple rows.

   select v1,unnest from lateral_test3 , unnest(bitmap_to_array(v2));
   
   +------+--------+
   | v1   | unnest |
   +------+--------+
   |    1 |      1 |
   |    1 |      2 |
   |    1 |      3 |
   |    2 |      3 |
   +------+--------+