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Version: Latest-3.2

Iceberg catalog

An Iceberg catalog is a type of external catalog that is supported by StarRocks from v2.4 onwards. With Iceberg catalogs, you can:

  • Directly query data stored in Iceberg without the need to manually create tables.
  • Use INSERT INTO or asynchronous materialized views (which are supported from v2.5 onwards) to process data stored in Iceberg and load the data into StarRocks.
  • Perform operations on StarRocks to create or drop Iceberg databases and tables, or sink data from StarRocks tables to Parquet-formatted Iceberg tables by using INSERT INTO (this feature is supported from v3.1 onwards).

To ensure successful SQL workloads on your Iceberg cluster, your StarRocks cluster must be able to access the storage system and metastore of your Iceberg cluster. StarRocks supports the following storage systems and metastores:

  • Distributed file system (HDFS) or object storage like AWS S3, Microsoft Azure Storage, Google GCS, or other S3-compatible storage system (for example, MinIO)

  • Metastore like Hive metastore, AWS Glue, or Tabular

note
  • If you choose AWS S3 as storage, you can use HMS or AWS Glue as metastore. If you choose any other storage system, you can only use HMS as metastore.
  • If you choose Tabular as metastore, you need to use the Iceberg REST catalog.

Usage notes​

  • The file formats of Iceberg that StarRocks supports are Parquet and ORC:

    • Parquet files support the following compression formats: SNAPPY, LZ4, ZSTD, GZIP, and NO_COMPRESSION.
    • ORC files support the following compression formats: ZLIB, SNAPPY, LZO, LZ4, ZSTD, and NO_COMPRESSION.

  • Iceberg catalogs support v1 tables. Additionally, Iceberg catalogs support ORC-formatted v2 tables from StarRocks v3.0 onwards and support Parquet-formatted v2 tables from StarRocks v3.1 onwards.

Integration preparation​

Before you create an Iceberg catalog, make sure your StarRocks cluster can integrate with the storage system and metastore of your Iceberg cluster.

Storage​

Select the tab that matches your storage type:

If your Iceberg cluster uses AWS S3 as storage or AWS Glue as metastore, choose your suitable authentication method and make the required preparations to ensure that your StarRocks cluster can access the related AWS cloud resources.

The following authentication methods are recommended:

  • Instance profile
  • Assumed role
  • IAM user

Of the above-mentioned three authentication methods, instance profile is the most widely used.

For more information, see Preparation for authentication in AWS IAM.

Create an Iceberg catalog​

Syntax​

CREATE EXTERNAL CATALOG <catalog_name>
[COMMENT <comment>]
PROPERTIES
(
    "type" = "iceberg",
    MetastoreParams,
    StorageCredentialParams,
    MetadataUpdateParams
)

Parameters​

catalog_name​

The name of the Iceberg catalog. The naming conventions are as follows:

  • The name can contain letters, digits (0-9), and underscores (_). It must start with a letter.
  • The name is case-sensitive and cannot exceed 1023 characters in length.

comment​

The description of the Iceberg catalog. This parameter is optional.

type​

The type of your data source. Set the value to iceberg.

MetastoreParams​

A set of parameters about how StarRocks integrates with the metastore of your data source. Choose the tab that matches your metastore type:

Hive metastore​

If you choose Hive metastore as the metastore of your data source, configure MetastoreParams as follows:

"iceberg.catalog.type" = "hive",
"hive.metastore.uris" = "<hive_metastore_uri>"
note

Before querying Iceberg data, you must add the mapping between the host names and IP addresses of your Hive metastore nodes to the /etc/hosts path. Otherwise, StarRocks may fail to access your Hive metastore when you start a query.

The following table describes the parameter you need to configure in MetastoreParams.

iceberg.catalog.type​

Required: Yes Description: The type of metastore that you use for your Iceberg cluster. Set the value to hive.

hive.metastore.uris​

Required: Yes Description: The URI of your Hive metastore. Format: thrift://<metastore_IP_address>:<metastore_port>.
If high availability (HA) is enabled for your Hive metastore, you can specify multiple metastore URIs and separate them with commas (,), for example, "thrift://<metastore_IP_address_1>:<metastore_port_1>,thrift://<metastore_IP_address_2>:<metastore_port_2>,thrift://<metastore_IP_address_3>:<metastore_port_3>".

StorageCredentialParams​

A set of parameters about how StarRocks integrates with your storage system. This parameter set is optional.

Note the following points:

  • If you use HDFS as storage, you do not need to configure StorageCredentialParams and can skip this section. If you use AWS S3, other S3-compatible storage system, Microsoft Azure Storage, or Google GCS as storage, you must configure StorageCredentialParams.

  • If you use Tabular as metastore, you do not need to configure StorageCredentialParams and can skip this section. If you use HMS or AWS Glue as metastore, you must configure StorageCredentialParams.

Choose the tab that matches your storage type:

AWS S3​

If you choose AWS S3 as storage for your Iceberg cluster, take one of the following actions:

  • To choose the instance profile-based authentication method, configure StorageCredentialParams as follows:

    "aws.s3.use_instance_profile" = "true",
    "aws.s3.region" = "<aws_s3_region>"

  • To choose the assumed role-based authentication method, configure StorageCredentialParams as follows:

    "aws.s3.use_instance_profile" = "true",
    "aws.s3.iam_role_arn" = "<iam_role_arn>",
    "aws.s3.region" = "<aws_s3_region>"

  • To choose the IAM user-based authentication method, configure StorageCredentialParams as follows:

    "aws.s3.use_instance_profile" = "false",
    "aws.s3.access_key" = "<iam_user_access_key>",
    "aws.s3.secret_key" = "<iam_user_secret_key>",
    "aws.s3.region" = "<aws_s3_region>"

StorageCredentialParams for AWS S3:

aws.s3.use_instance_profile​

Required: Yes Description: Specifies whether to enable the instance profile-based authentication method and the assumed role-based authentication method. Valid values: true and false. Default value: false.

aws.s3.iam_role_arn​

Required: No Description: The ARN of the IAM role that has privileges on your AWS S3 bucket. If you use the assumed role-based authentication method to access AWS S3, you must specify this parameter.

aws.s3.region​

Required: Yes Description: The region in which your AWS S3 bucket resides. Example: us-west-1.

aws.s3.access_key​

Required: No Description: The access key of your IAM user. If you use the IAM user-based authentication method to access AWS S3, you must specify this parameter.

aws.s3.secret_key​

Required: No Description: The secret key of your IAM user. If you use the IAM user-based authentication method to access AWS S3, you must specify this parameter.

For information about how to choose an authentication method for accessing AWS S3 and how to configure an access control policy in AWS IAM Console, see Authentication parameters for accessing AWS S3.

MetadataUpdateParams​

A set of parameters about how StarRocks caches the metadata of Hive. This parameter set is optional.

Currently, this parameter set contains only one parameter, enable_iceberg_metadata_cache, which specifies whether to cache pointers and partition names for Iceberg tables. This parameter is supported from v3.2.1 onwards:

  • From v3.2.1 to v3.2.3, this parameter is set to true by default, regardless of what metastore service is used.
  • In v3.2.4 and later, if the Iceberg cluster uses AWS Glue as metastore, this parameter still defaults to true. However, if the Iceberg cluster uses other metastore service such as Hive metastore, this parameter defaults to false.

Examples​

The following examples create an Iceberg catalog named iceberg_catalog_hms or iceberg_catalog_glue, depending on the type of metastore you use, to query data from your Iceberg cluster. Chose the tab that matches your storage type:

AWS S3​

If you choose instance profile-based credential​

  • If you use Hive metastore in your Iceberg cluster, run a command like below:

    CREATE EXTERNAL CATALOG iceberg_catalog_hms
    PROPERTIES
    (
        "type" = "iceberg",
        "iceberg.catalog.type" = "hive",
        "hive.metastore.uris" = "thrift://xx.xx.xx.xx:9083",
        "aws.s3.use_instance_profile" = "true",
        "aws.s3.region" = "us-west-2"
    );

  • If you use AWS Glue in your Amazon EMR Iceberg cluster, run a command like below:

    CREATE EXTERNAL CATALOG iceberg_catalog_glue
    PROPERTIES
    (
        "type" = "iceberg",
        "iceberg.catalog.type" = "glue",
        "aws.glue.use_instance_profile" = "true",
        "aws.glue.region" = "us-west-2",
        "aws.s3.use_instance_profile" = "true",
        "aws.s3.region" = "us-west-2"
    );
If you choose assumed role-based credential​

  • If you use Hive metastore in your HIceberg cluster, run a command like below:

    CREATE EXTERNAL CATALOG iceberg_catalog_hms
    PROPERTIES
    (
        "type" = "iceberg",
        "iceberg.catalog.type" = "hive",
        "hive.metastore.uris" = "thrift://xx.xx.xx.xx:9083",
        "aws.s3.use_instance_profile" = "true",
        "aws.s3.iam_role_arn" = "arn:aws:iam::081976408565:role/test_s3_role",
        "aws.s3.region" = "us-west-2"
    );

  • If you use AWS Glue in your Amazon EMR Iceberg cluster, run a command like below:

    CREATE EXTERNAL CATALOG iceberg_catalog_glue
    PROPERTIES
    (
        "type" = "iceberg",
        "iceberg.catalog.type" = "glue",
        "aws.glue.use_instance_profile" = "true",
        "aws.glue.iam_role_arn" = "arn:aws:iam::081976408565:role/test_glue_role",
        "aws.glue.region" = "us-west-2",
        "aws.s3.use_instance_profile" = "true",
        "aws.s3.iam_role_arn" = "arn:aws:iam::081976408565:role/test_s3_role",
        "aws.s3.region" = "us-west-2"
    );
If you choose IAM user-based credential​

  • If you use Hive metastore in your Iceberg cluster, run a command like below:

    CREATE EXTERNAL CATALOG iceberg_catalog_hms
    PROPERTIES
    (
        "type" = "iceberg",
        "iceberg.catalog.type" = "hive",
        "hive.metastore.uris" = "thrift://xx.xx.xx.xx:9083",
        "aws.s3.use_instance_profile" = "false",
        "aws.s3.access_key" = "<iam_user_access_key>",
        "aws.s3.secret_key" = "<iam_user_access_key>",
        "aws.s3.region" = "us-west-2"
    );

  • If you use AWS Glue in your Amazon EMR Iceberg cluster, run a command like below:

    CREATE EXTERNAL CATALOG iceberg_catalog_glue
    PROPERTIES
    (
        "type" = "iceberg",
        "iceberg.catalog.type" = "glue",
        "aws.glue.use_instance_profile" = "false",
        "aws.glue.access_key" = "<iam_user_access_key>",
        "aws.glue.secret_key" = "<iam_user_secret_key>",
        "aws.glue.region" = "us-west-2",
        "aws.s3.use_instance_profile" = "false",
        "aws.s3.access_key" = "<iam_user_access_key>",
        "aws.s3.secret_key" = "<iam_user_secret_key>",
        "aws.s3.region" = "us-west-2"
    );

Using your catalog​

View Iceberg catalogs​

You can use SHOW CATALOGS to query all catalogs in the current StarRocks cluster:

SHOW CATALOGS;

You can also use SHOW CREATE CATALOG to query the creation statement of an external catalog. The following example queries the creation statement of an Iceberg catalog named iceberg_catalog_glue:

SHOW CREATE CATALOG iceberg_catalog_glue;

Switch to an Iceberg Catalog and a database in it​

You can use one of the following methods to switch to an Iceberg catalog and a database in it:

  • Use SET CATALOG to specify an Iceberg catalog in the current session, and then use USE to specify an active database:

    -- Switch to a specified catalog in the current session:
    SET CATALOG <catalog_name>
    -- Specify the active database in the current session:
    USE <db_name>

  • Directly use USE to switch to an Iceberg catalog and a database in it:

    USE <catalog_name>.<db_name>

Drop an Iceberg catalog​

You can use DROP CATALOG to drop an external catalog.

The following example drops an Iceberg catalog named iceberg_catalog_glue:

DROP Catalog iceberg_catalog_glue;

View the schema of an Iceberg table​

You can use one of the following syntaxes to view the schema of an Iceberg table:

  • View schema

    DESC[RIBE] <catalog_name>.<database_name>.<table_name>

  • View schema and location from the CREATE statement

    SHOW CREATE TABLE <catalog_name>.<database_name>.<table_name>

Query an Iceberg table​

  1. Use SHOW DATABASES to view the databases in your Iceberg cluster:

    SHOW DATABASES FROM <catalog_name>

  2. Switch to an Iceberg catalog and a database in it.

  3. Use SELECT to query the destination table in the specified database:

    SELECT count(*) FROM <table_name> LIMIT 10

Create an Iceberg database​

Similar to the internal catalog of StarRocks, if you have the CREATE DATABASE privilege on an Iceberg catalog, you can use the CREATE DATABASE statement to create databases in that Iceberg catalog. This feature is supported from v3.1 onwards.

tip

You can grant and revoke privileges by using GRANT and REVOKE.

Switch to an Iceberg catalog, and then use the following statement to create an Iceberg database in that catalog:

CREATE DATABASE <database_name>
[PROPERTIES ("location" = "<prefix>://<path_to_database>/<database_name.db>/")]

You can use the location parameter to specify the file path in which you want to create the database. Both HDFS and cloud storage are supported. If you do not specify the location parameter, StarRocks creates the database in the default file path of the Iceberg catalog.

The prefix varies based on the storage system you use:

HDFS​

Prefix value: hdfs

Google GCS​

Prefix value: gs

Azure Blob Storage​

Prefix value:

  • If your storage account allows access over HTTP, the prefix is wasb.
  • If your storage account allows access over HTTPS, the prefix is wasbs.

Azure Data Lake Storage Gen1​

Prefix value: adl

Azure Data Lake Storage Gen2​

Prefix value:

  • If your storage account allows access over HTTP, theprefix is abfs.
  • If your storage account allows access over HTTPS, the prefix is abfss.

AWS S3 or other S3-compatible storage (for example, MinIO)​

Prefix value: s3

Drop an Iceberg database​

Similar to the internal databases of StarRocks, if you have the DROP privilege on an Iceberg database, you can use the DROP DATABASE statement to drop that Iceberg database. This feature is supported from v3.1 onwards. You can only drop empty databases.

When you drop an Iceberg database, the database's file path on your HDFS cluster or cloud storage will not be dropped along with the database.

Switch to an Iceberg catalog, and then use the following statement to drop an Iceberg database in that catalog:

DROP DATABASE <database_name>;

Create an Iceberg table​

Similar to the internal databases of StarRocks, if you have the CREATE TABLE privilege on an Iceberg database, you can use the CREATE TABLE or CREATE TABLE AS SELECT (CTAS) statement to create a table in that Iceberg database. This feature is supported from v3.1 onwards.

Switch to an Iceberg catalog and a database in it, and then use the following syntax to create an Iceberg table in that database.

Syntax​

CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [database.]table_name
(column_definition1[, column_definition2, ...
partition_column_definition1,partition_column_definition2...])
[partition_desc]
[PROPERTIES ("key" = "value", ...)]
[AS SELECT query]

Parameters​

column_definition​

The syntax of column_definition is as follows:

col_name col_type [COMMENT 'comment']
note

All non-partition columns must use NULL as the default value. This means that you must specify DEFAULT "NULL" for each of the non-partition columns in the table creation statement. Additionally, partition columns must be defined following non-partition columns and cannot use NULL as the default value.

partition_desc​

The syntax of partition_desc is as follows:

PARTITION BY (par_col1[, par_col2...])

Currently StarRocks only supports identity transforms, which means that StarRocks creates a partition for each unique partition value.

note

Partition columns must be defined following non-partition columns. Partition columns support all data types excluding FLOAT, DOUBLE, DECIMAL, and DATETIME and cannot use NULL as the default value.

PROPERTIES​

You can specify the table attributes in the "key" = "value" format in PROPERTIES. See Iceberg table attributes.

The following table describes a few key properties.

location​

Description: The file path in which you want to create the Iceberg table. When you use HMS as metastore, you do not need to specify the location parameter, because StarRocks will create the table in the default file path of the current Iceberg catalog. When you use AWS Glue as metastore:

  • If you have specified the location parameter for the database in which you want to create the table, you do not need to specify the location parameter for the table. As such, the table defaults to the file path of the database to which it belongs.
  • If you have not specified the location for the database in which you want to create the table, you must specify the location parameter for the table.
file_format​

Description: The file format of the Iceberg table. Only the Parquet format is supported. Default value: parquet.

compression_codec​

Description: The compression algorithm used for the Iceberg table. The supported compression algorithms are SNAPPY, GZIP, ZSTD, and LZ4. Default value: gzip. This property is deprecated in v3.2.3, since which version the compression algorithm used for sinking data to Iceberg tables is uniformly controlled by the session variable connector_sink_compression_codec.

Examples​

  1. Create a non-partitioned table named unpartition_tbl. The table consists of two columns, id and score, as shown below:

    CREATE TABLE unpartition_tbl
    (
        id int,
        score double
    );

  2. Create a partitioned table named partition_tbl_1. The table consists of three columns, action, id, and dt, of which id and dt are defined as partition columns, as shown below:

    CREATE TABLE partition_tbl_1
    (
        action varchar(20),
        id int,
        dt date
    )
    PARTITION BY (id,dt);

  3. Query an existing table named partition_tbl_1, and create a partitioned table named partition_tbl_2 based on the query result of partition_tbl_1. For partition_tbl_2, id and dt are defined as partition columns, as shown below:

    CREATE TABLE partition_tbl_2
    PARTITION BY (id, dt)
    AS SELECT * from employee;

Sink data to an Iceberg table​

Similar to the internal tables of StarRocks, if you have the INSERT privilege on an Iceberg table, you can use the INSERT statement to sink the data of a StarRocks table to that Iceberg table (currently only Parquet-formatted Iceberg tables are supported). This feature is supported from v3.1 onwards.

Switch to an Iceberg catalog and a database in it, and then use the following syntax to sink the data of StarRocks table to a Parquet-formatted Iceberg table in that database.

Syntax​

INSERT {INTO | OVERWRITE} <table_name>
[ (column_name [, ...]) ]
{ VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) [, ...] | query }

-- If you want to sink data to specified partitions, use the following syntax:
INSERT {INTO | OVERWRITE} <table_name>
PARTITION (par_col1=<value> [, par_col2=<value>...])
{ VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) [, ...] | query }
note

Partition columns do not allow NULL values. Therefore, you must make sure that no empty values are loaded into the partition columns of the Iceberg table.

Parameters​

INTO​

To append the data of the StarRocks table to the Iceberg table.

OVERWRITE​

To overwrite the existing data of the Iceberg table with the data of the StarRocks table.

column_name​

The name of the destination column to which you want to load data. You can specify one or more columns. If you specify multiple columns, separate them with commas (,). You can only specify columns that actually exist in the Iceberg table, and the destination columns that you specify must include the partition columns of the Iceberg table. The destination columns you specify are mapped one on one in sequence to the columns of the StarRocks table, regardless of what the destination column names are. If no destination columns are specified, the data is loaded into all columns of the Iceberg table. If a non-partition column of the StarRocks table cannot be mapped to any column of the Iceberg table, StarRocks writes the default value NULL to the Iceberg table column. If the INSERT statement contains a query statement whose returned column types differ from the data types of the destination columns, StarRocks performs an implicit conversion on the mismatched columns. If the conversion fails, a syntax parsing error will be returned.

expression​

Expression that assigns values to the destination column.

DEFAULT​

Assigns a default value to the destination column.

query​

Query statement whose result will be loaded into the Iceberg table. It can be any SQL statement supported by StarRocks.

PARTITION​

The partitions into which you want to load data. You must specify all partition columns of the Iceberg table in this property. The partition columns that you specify in this property can be in a different sequence than the partition columns that you have defined in the table creation statement. If you specify this property, you cannot specify the column_name property.

Examples​

  1. Insert three data rows into the partition_tbl_1 table:

    INSERT INTO partition_tbl_1
    VALUES
        ("buy", 1, "2023-09-01"),
        ("sell", 2, "2023-09-02"),
        ("buy", 3, "2023-09-03");

  2. Insert the result of a SELECT query, which contains simple computations, into the partition_tbl_1 table:

    INSERT INTO partition_tbl_1 (id, action, dt) SELECT 1+1, 'buy', '2023-09-03';

  3. Insert the result of a SELECT query, which reads data from the partition_tbl_1 table, into the same table:

    INSERT INTO partition_tbl_1 SELECT 'buy', 1, date_add(dt, INTERVAL 2 DAY)
    FROM partition_tbl_1
    WHERE id=1;

  4. Insert the result of a SELECT query into the partitions that meet two conditions, dt='2023-09-01' and id=1, of the partition_tbl_2 table:

    INSERT INTO partition_tbl_2 SELECT 'order', 1, '2023-09-01';

    Or

    INSERT INTO partition_tbl_2 partition(dt='2023-09-01',id=1) SELECT 'order';

  5. Overwrite all action column values in the partitions that meet two conditions, dt='2023-09-01' and id=1, of the partition_tbl_1 table with close:

    INSERT OVERWRITE partition_tbl_1 SELECT 'close', 1, '2023-09-01';

    Or

    INSERT OVERWRITE partition_tbl_1 partition(dt='2023-09-01',id=1) SELECT 'close';

Drop an Iceberg table​

Similar to the internal tables of StarRocks, if you have the DROP privilege on an Iceberg table, you can use the DROP TABLE statement to drop that Iceberg table. This feature is supported from v3.1 onwards.

When you drop an Iceberg table, the table's file path and data on your HDFS cluster or cloud storage will not be dropped along with the table.

When you forcibly drop an Iceberg table (namely, with the FORCE keyword specified in the DROP TABLE statement), the table's data on your HDFS cluster or cloud storage will be dropped along with the table, but the table's file path is retained.

Switch to an Iceberg catalog and a database in it, and then use the following statement to drop an Iceberg table in that database.

DROP TABLE <table_name> [FORCE];

Configure metadata caching​

The metadata files of your Iceberg cluster may be stored in remote storage such as AWS S3 or HDFS. By default, StarRocks caches Iceberg metadata in memory. To accelerate queries, StarRocks adopts a two-level metadata caching mechanism, with which it can cache metadata both in memory and on disk. For each initial query, StarRocks caches their computation results. If any subsequent query that is semantically equivalent to a previous query is issued, StarRocks first attempts to retrieve the requested metadata from its caches, and it retrieves the metadata from the remote storage only when the metadata cannot be hit in its caches.

StarRocks uses the Least Recently Used (LRU) algorithm to cache and evict data. The basic rules are as follows:

  • StarRocks first attempts to retrieve the requested metadata from the memory. If the metadata cannot be hit in the memory, StarRock attempts to retrieve the metadata from the disks. The metadata that StarRocks has retrieved from the disks will be loaded into the memory. If the metadata cannot be hit in the disks either, StarRock retrieves the metadata from the remote storage and caches the retrieved metadata in the memory.
  • StarRocks writes the metadata evicted out of the memory into the disks, but it directly discards the metadata evicted out of the disks.

Iceberg metadata caching parameters​

enable_iceberg_metadata_disk_cache​

Unit: N/A Default value: false Description: Specifies whether to enable the disk cache.

iceberg_metadata_cache_disk_path​

Unit: N/A Default value: StarRocksFE.STARROCKS_HOME_DIR + "/caches/iceberg" Description: The save path of cached metadata files on disk.

iceberg_metadata_disk_cache_capacity​

Unit: Bytes Default value: 2147483648, equivalent to 2 GB Description: The maximum size of cached metadata allowed on disk.

iceberg_metadata_memory_cache_capacity​

Unit: Bytes Default value: 536870912, equivalent to 512 MB Description: The maximum size of cached metadata allowed in memory.

iceberg_metadata_memory_cache_expiration_seconds​

Unit: Seconds
Default value: 86500 Description: The amount of time after which a cache entry in memory expires counting from its last access.

iceberg_metadata_disk_cache_expiration_seconds​

Unit: Seconds
Default value: 604800, equivalent to one week Description: The amount of time after which a cache entry on disk expires counting from its last access.

iceberg_metadata_cache_max_entry_size​

Unit: Bytes Default value: 8388608, equivalent to 8 MB Description: The maximum size of a file that can be cached. Files whose size exceeds the value of this parameter cannot be cached. If a query requests these files, StarRocks retrieves them from the remote storage.